Additional Reading

1. Arnold AM, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular disease in older Americans: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53(2):211-218.
    
2. Centers for Disease Control. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/doc.do/id/0900f3ec8001011c. Accessed April 28, 2005.
    
3. Centers for Disease Control. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): Fact Sheet. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/scifacts.htm. Accessed April 28, 2005.
    
4. Childers MK. Targeting the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S38-S44.
    
5. Chou R, Peterson K, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:140-175.
    
6. Cutter NC, Scott DD, Johnson JC, Whiteneck G. Gabapentin effect on spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:164-169.
    
7. Dario A, Tomei G. A benefit-risk assessment of baclofen in severe spinal spasticity. Drug Saf 2004;27:799-818.
    
8. Elovic EP, Simone LK, Zafonte R. Outcome assessment for spasticity management in the patient with traumatic brain injury: the state of the art. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2004;19:155-177.
    
9. Elovic E, Zafonte RD: Spasticity management in traumatic brain injury. Phys Med Rehabil State Art Rev 2001; 15: 327-348.
    
10. Esquenazi A, Mayer NH. Instrumented assessment of muscle overactivity and spasticity with dynamic polyelectromyographic and motion analysis for treatment planning. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S19-S29.
     
11. Francis HP, Wade DT, Turner-Stokes L, Kingswell RS, Dott CS, Coxon EA. Does reducing spasticity translate into functional benefit? An exploratory meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1547-1551.
     
12. Goldstein M. The treatment of cerebral palsy: What we know, what we don't know. J Pediatr 2004;145:S42-S46.
     
13. Gooch JL, Oberg WA, Grams B, Ward LA, Walker ML. Care provider assessment of intrathecal baclofen in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004;46:548-552.
     
14. Gooch JL, Patton CP. Combining botulinum toxin and phenol to manage spasticity in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1121-1124.
     
15. Good DC. Measurement of spasticity. In: Gelber DA, Jeffrey DR, eds. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Spasticity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002:27-44.
     
16. Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA. Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S3-S9.
     
17. Karol LA. Surgical management of the lower extremity in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2004;12:196-203.
     
18. Keenan MAE, McDaid PJ. Orthopedic interventions for the management of limb deformities in upper motoneuron syndromes. In: Gelber DA, Jeffrey DR, eds. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Spasticity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002:197-255.
     
19. Kogler GF. Orthotic management. In: Gelber DA, Jeffrey DR, eds. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Spasticity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002:67-91.
     
20. Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet 2004;363:1619-1631.
     
21. Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK, Watkins CL. Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil 2004;18:438-443.
     
22. Meythaler JM, Clayton W, Davis LK, Guin-Renfroe S, Brunner RC. Orally delivered baclofen to control spastic hypertonia in acquired brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 19:101-8, 2004.
     
23. Pierson SH. Physical and occupational approaches. In: Gelber DA, Jeffrey DR, eds. Clinical Evaluation and Management of Spasticity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002:47-66.
     
24. Platz T, Eickhof C, Nuyens G, Vuadens P. Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: a systematic review of the literature. Disabil Rehabil 2005;27(1-2):7-18.
     
25. Rizzo MA, Hadjimichael OC, Preiningerova J, Vollmer TL. Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2004;10:589-595.
     
26. Satkunam LE. Rehabilitation medicine: 3. Management of adult spasticity. CMAJ 2003;169:1173-1179.
     
27. Smith PA, Hassani S, Reiners K, Vogel LC, Harris GF. Gait analysis in children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Cord Med 2004;27(Suppl 1):S44-S49.
     
28. Tilton AH. Approach to the rehabilitation of spasticity and neuromuscular disorders in children. Neurol Clin 2003;21:853-881.
     
29. Walter JS, Sacks J, Othman R, et al. A database of self-reported secondary medical problems among VA spinal cord injury patients: its role in clinical care and management. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39(1):53-61.Yablon SA, Stokic DS. Neurophysiologic evaluation of spastic hypertonia: implications for management of the patient with the intrathecal baclofen pump. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S10-S8.
     
30. Zackowski KM, Dromerick AW, Sahrmann SA, Thach WT, Bastian AJ. How do strength, sensation, spasticity and joint individuation relate to the reaching deficits of people with chronic hemiparesis? Brain 2004;127:1035-1046.
     
31. Zafonte R, Elovic EP, Lombard L. Acute care management of post-TBI spasticity. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2004;19:89-100.
     
32. Zafonte R, Lombard L, Elovic E. Antispasticity medications: uses and limitations of enteral therapy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:S50-S58.
     
33. Zahavi A, Geertzen JH, Middel B, Staal M, Rietman JS. Long term effect (more than five years) of intrathecal baclofen on impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with severe spasticity of spinal origin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1553-1557.